Archives of Basic and Applied Medicine (ISSN Online: 2384-6232; ISSN-L: 2360-9680) is an international peer-reviewed, open-access medical journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, case reports, short communications, and editorials in the fields of basic medical sciences, clinical medicine, public health, biomedical sciences, pharmaceutical sciences, and allied health disciplines. The journal aims to promote high-quality scientific research and facilitate the dissemination of knowledge among researchers, clinicians, educators, and healthcare professionals worldwide.
Faculty of Basic Medical Scienecs, University of Ibadan
© The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction, adaptation, and commercial use in any medium, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and the source, a link to the license is provided, and any changes made are indicated.
Dermatoglyphic Studies of Fulani and Yoruba Ethnic Groups with Third Generational History in Kwara and Oyo States, Nigeria
Dermatoglyphic traits are genetically determined and remain constant until decomposition after death. This study aimed to use dermatoglyphics as a means for ethnic differentiation. The volunteers were Fulani (male 32 and female 28) and Yoruba (male 27 and female 33) from Kwara state and University of Ibadan community respectively. Fingerprints were obtained with Dermalog LF10 fingerprint scanner Hamburg, Germany. Stata was used for T-test and ANOVA. Ulnar loop was predominant in dermatoglyphs of the two ethnic groups (Fulani 38.20%, Yoruba 38.90%). Whorl (Fulani 24.50%, Yoruba 23.50%), Radial loop (Fulani 25.40%, Yoruba 22.60%) and Arch (Fulani 11.90%, Yoruba 15%) were distributed in that order. The gender distribution of patterns in this study were: Arch (male 11.08%, female 16.30%), radial loop (male 24.72%, female 23.5%), ulnar loop (male 39.90%, female 37.50%), whorl (male 24.3%, female 22.7%). Whorl is significantly distributed in both sexes of the two-ethnic group (P<0.005). Bifurcation distribution was predominant in both tribes and opposed bifurcation is the least minutiae type in both ethnic groups. Most minutiae revealed significant difference between Fulani and Yoruba except short ridges, dot, ridge ending, and spur. Arch differentiates Fulani and Yoruba, whorl showed sexual dimorphism. Level two details could be a possible marker of ethnic differentiation between Fulani and Yoruba of Nigeria.
Dermatoglyphics, Forensic, Fingerprint Minutiae, Fulani, Yoruba, Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2024 M.O. Adetona , M.O. Lawal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Plasma Levels of Nitric Oxide and Indices of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Breast Cancer and Prostate Cancer
Breast cancer (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa) are cancers of different organs which share similarities as their development requires gonadal steroids and both are hormone-dependent. Reports have shown that oxidative stress (OS) and alteration in nitric oxide (NO) levels are associated with both BCa and PCa. Due to the dearth of information, plasma levels of NO and OS indices were determined in BCa and PCa patients with a view to identifying the group that is more affected by OS and altered NO levels and thus, could possibly benefit from intensive multi-antioxidant supplementation and/or therapy with NO. Plasma levels of NO, total plasma peroxide (TPP) and total antioxidant potential (TAP) were determined spectrophotometrically, in 88 adults comprising 30 patients with breast cancer, 28 patients with prostate cancer and 30 controls. Thereafter, the degree of OS was determined by calculating the oxidative stress index (OSI). The plasma TPP level and OSI were significantly lower in patients with breast cancer and in patients with prostate cancer compared with the controls. In BCa patients, the plasma TPP level and OSI were significantly higher while the plasma NO level was insignificantly lower compared with patients with PCa. In conclusion, oxidative stress in patients with breast cancer appears to be more severe than in patients with prostate cancer. Therefore, determination of the oxidative stress status of cancer patients may be of clinical importance before the utilization of nitric oxide-based therapies
Antioxidant, Hormone-dependent cancer, Nitric oxide, Oxidative stress, Peroxynitrite
Copyright (c) 2024 M.A. Jimoh , S.K. Rahamon , A.O. Yusuff , A.A. Onifade (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cymbopogon citratus extracts inhibit inflammation and oxidative damage in mice colon by downregulating IL-6, HSP 70 and upregulating APC protein
This study assessed the effect of solvent fractions of Cymbopogon citratus antioxidant status and anti-inflammatory activity in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon toxicity in male Swiss mice. The level of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined following intraperitoneal administration of DMH for twelve weeks and its co-administration with crude ethanol extract of C. citratus (CRD) and its fractions - chloroform (CHLF), ethyl acetate (ETLF) and ethanol (ETHF) fractions. Histology of mice colons and immunohistochemistry of inflammatory markers- Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP 70) were determined. HS-SPME-GCMS was used to assess the potent compounds present in the most effective fraction. Extracts of C. citratus particularly the CHLF containing d-limonene, geraniol and geranic acid increased the antioxidant status of the colon of DMH administered mice, restored colonic histoarchitecture, and modulated the expression of inflammatory markers (APC, IL-6 and HSP 70).
colon toxicity, cymbopogon citratus, medicinal plant, antioxidant, inflammation
Copyright (c) 2024 M.E. Karigidi , O. Olotu , A.M. Adegoke , J.O. Olugbami , O.A. Odunola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gastroprotective Activities of Canarium schweinfurthii Fruit and Oil Diets: Role of H+/K+ ATPase Activity
Canarium schweinfurthii fruit and fruit-pulp oil is used in folk medicine for the treatment of peptic ulcer although there is limited scientific information this activity. This study aims to investigate the gastro-protective potential and mechanism of the fruit and fruit-pulp oil of C. schweinfurthii in indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer. One hundred and forty (140) Wistar rats (120-150g; n=20) were divided into seven groups namely: Groups 1, 2 and 3 were control, untreated, and cimetidine treated (30 mg/kg b.w) while groups 4 and 5 received in their feed 30% and 60% of C. schweinfurthii fruit while groups 6 and 7 received 1mL/kg and 2mL/kg of C. schweinfurthii oil. They were pre-treated for 14 or 28 days prior to ulcer induction using 40 mg/kg indomethacin for 4 hours. Basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion, ulcer scores and stomach biochemical variables were estimated and processed for histological evaluation by days 14 and 28 of gastric ulceration. Canarium schweinfurthii fruit and fruit pulp oil significantly decreased gastric ulceration, histamine stimulated gastric acid secretions and lipid peroxidation compared with untreated group. Pre-treatment with high doses of C. schweinfurthii fruit and fruit pulp oil significantly increased gastric mucin, mucous cell count and nitric oxide levels as well as catalase activity compared to untreated group. There were no visible lesions in the C. schweinfurthii diet fed groups. Canarium schweinfurthii fruit and fruit pulp oil inhibit histamine induced gastric acid secretion, H+K+ATPase pump activities, increase antioxidant enzymes, nitric oxide level, gastric mucin and mucous cell counts.
Canarium schweinfurthii, H K ATPase pump, nitric oxide, mucus cell count
Copyright (c) 2024 H.O. Lawal , T.O. Iyiola , A.T. Salami , F.S. Oluwole (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fermented Cabbage Mitigates Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha and Pancreatic Tissue Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Type 2 Diabetic Wistar Rats
Diabetes mellitus is predicted to affect 552 million people by 2030, up from 366 million in 2011. This research examined the efficacy of fermented cabbage (FC) on pancreatic oxidative stress and tumour necrosis factor-α. After type 2 diabetes induction, rats with blood glucose levels ≥ 150 mg/dL were grouped into six sets of five at random. Group 1 received 1 mL/kg of distilled water as the normal control. Group 2 received 1 mL/kg of distilled water in addition to serving as the negative control group (the diabetic untreated group). As the positive control, group 3 received metformin (500 mg/kg). Fermented cabbage was administered to groups 4, 5, and 6 at 12.5%, 25%, and 50%, respectively. In comparison to the diabetic untreated group, treatment with FC significantly (p< 0.05) reduced lipid peroxidation. When compared to the diabetic untreated group, all of the FC-treated groups showed a significant (p< 0.05) increase in pancreatic tissue superoxide dismutase and catalase. In addition, in comparison to the diabetic untreated group, treatment with FC significantly (p< 0.05) enhanced the reduced glutathione level. In the diabetic, untreated group, compared to the normal control, TNF-α levels were considerably higher. However, when compared to the diabetic untreated group, there was a significant decrease (p< 0.05) in all FC-treated groups. Thus, fermented cabbage decreases oxidative stress markers and TNF-α with improved glycaemic control. Fermented cabbage was shown to cause a steady decrease (P < 0.05) in blood glucose levels in a dose dependent manner.
Type 2 diabetes, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, pancreatic oxidative stress
Copyright (c) 2024 A. Muhammad , I.S. Malgwi , N.S. Emmanuel , A. Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Patients with Gastrointestinal symptoms using Urea Breath Test in Ilorin, North-central Nigeria
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been linked with some gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms particularly dyspepsia. Urea breath test (UBT) is a simple non-invasive tool for the detection of this infection in humans. We, therefore, studied the prevalence of H. pylori infection among patients who were referred for UBT on account of GI symptoms in a tertiary health center in Nigeria. This was a retrospective study in which the biodata, indications and test results of patients who had UBT done over a period of 7 years (2012-2019) were retrieved from a dedicated register. The data was entered into a spreadsheet, cleaned and analyzed using the statistical software for social sciences (SPSS) version 22. Results were presented using frequency tables and charts. Associations between categorical variables were determined using the chi-square test and the level of significance set at p<0.05. Of the 251 patients with UBT results, 216 (86.1%) were on account of GI symptoms. The ages of the patients ranged from 10 to 77 years with a mean age (SD) of 40.0 (±14.2) years. There were more females 111 (51.4%) and the 31-40 years age group had the largest number of patients 57 (26.4%). Dyspepsia was the most common indication for UBT across the age groups (p=0.001). The frequency of H. pylori infection in our cohort was 64.4%. The highest frequency of the infection was observed among the 31-40 years age group (p=0.072) and among females (73/111; p=0.905). The association between H. pylori infection and the GI symptoms was not statistically significant (p=0.748). The prevalence of H. pylori infection among our study cohort is high. There was no significant association between H. pylori infection and the age group, gender and GI symptoms. The small sample size might be responsible for the lack of significant association.
Helicobacter pylori, Prevalence, Urea Breath Test, Gastrointestinal, Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2024 M.O. Bojuwoye , O.A. Agede , O.N. Ilesanmi , O.S. Aiyedun , A.M. Aliyu , O. Arinde , O.O. Ojimi , K.I. Safiu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Clinical Efficacy of Artemether-Lumefantrine as First Line Antimalarial Therapy after Twelve Years of Adoption in Nigeria
ACT became the drug of first choice in the treatment of acute uncomplicated malaria in Nigeria in 2005. Diminished responsiveness of P. falciparum malaria to Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) has been reported in Nigeria. We evaluated the clinical efficacy of AL in the treatment of malaria, the prevalence of PfATPase6 gene, a molecular marker reported to be associated with artemisinin resistance and its relationship to treatment outcome in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria. In a prospective single arm clinical trial, 121 children aged 6 months to 10 years with confirmed falciparum malaria were enrolled and followed up for 28 days using the WHO protocol. Parasite DNA was extracted and sequenced to identify molecular markers. 64/121 (52.9%) were male and mean age was 77.9 ± 34.7 months. 92.6% (112/121) completed the study. Response of infection to treatment was prompt. Day-28 uncorrected ACPR was 84.8% (95/112). Seven paired samples were successfully genotyped for glurp, msp1 & msp2 markers. All cases of parasite recurrence were new infections. The PCR corrected cure rate at Day-28 was 91.1% (102/112). Hematological recovery was also good. AL was well tolerated. Only E431K mutation of the four reported ATPase-6 mutations was detected with a prevalence of 17%. There was no relationship between ATPase-6 mutation and response to therapy. AL remains safe and efficacious in the treatment of acute uncomplicated malaria in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria. Molecular markers of artemisinin resistance have been detected. This underscores the need to use ACTs in a disciplined manner in other to preserve its efficacy.
Clinical Efficacy, Artemether-lumefantrine, Acute Uncomplicated Malaria, Southwest Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2024 C.O. Falade , O.S. Michael , A.E. Orimadegun , J.A. Badejo , F. Olusola , R.I. Funwei , A.D. Adedapo , O.E. Anjorin , O. Nash (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) induces CNS Neurotoxicity via Oxidative neuronal damage
Background: The newer approach to antiretroviral treatments using combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has led to significant viral suppression but the associated adverse effects from the long-term exposure remain prevalent. This study evaluates the neurotoxicity and reproductive toxicity of cARTs. Methods: Behavioral studies using elevated plus maze, forced swim test, Morris water maze and open field test were used to assess neurobehavioral activities while biochemical parameters were assayed for brain oxidative markers. The reproductive hormones were analyzed along with seminal fluid. Histological staining of brain and testicular tissues was done to evaluate structural changes. Results: cART increased anxiety-related activities, induced memory deficit but showed no depressive activity. There was CNS-associated activity in the open field test, the brain antioxidant activity was reduced, and histological examination shows brain regions with cortical lesions. The reproductive hormones were unaltered and no histological abnormality was seen in the testes and epididymis. Conclusion: The outcome of the study showed that cART induces neurotoxic effect but no reproductive toxicity was observed.
Neurotoxicity, combination antiretroviral therapy, HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders, Morris Water Maze
Copyright (c) 2024 A.G. Bakre , F.R. Oladipupo , A.A. Sowunmi , J.O. Olayemi , O. Femi-Akinlosotu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dose dependent ventricular enlargement, neurodegeneration and mortality rates in kaolin-induced hydrocephalus in adult mice
Intra-cisternal injection of kaolin is the most common method of experimentally inducing hydrocephalus. A reduction in kaolin dosage has been reported to reduce the mortality rate. Thus, the mortality rate and degree of ventricular enlargement in adult male mice with the use of different concentrations of kaolin suspension to induce hydrocephalus and observed the morphological changes in pyramidal neurons of layer V of the sensorimotor cortex and hippocampus were compared. Hydrocephalus was induced intracisternally in adult male mice subdivided into 5 groups (n=27) using 0.02mL of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/mL of kaolin respectively while controls (n=15) received sham injection. Mice were weighed biweekly for 4 weeks. Harvested brains were processed for Cresyl violet and NeuN Immunostaining to assess neuronal damage. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 8 and ImageJ software. The hydrocephalic rates of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/mL groups were 40.0%, 58.8%, 78.6%, 88.9% and 94.4% respectively while their mortality rates were 21.1%, 22.7%, 26.3%, 28.0% and 30.8% respectively. The mortality rate and frequency of hydrocephalus in 250 mg/mL group were significantly higher than 50 and 100 mg/L groups (p<0.0001), while there was no significant difference between the ventricular diameter in 250 mg/mL group and others (p=0.0002). Pyknotic pyramidal neurons of the sensorimotor cortex of mice induced with 250 mg/mL group of kaolin concentration were significantly more numerous than the control (p<0.05). The pyknotic index (PI) of the dentate gyrus in the 250 mg/mL group was significantly higher than the control. NeuN immunohistochemistry of Layer V of hydrocephalic brains demonstrated decreased staining intensity and fewer NeuN-positive cells compared to controls. The findings from this study suggest that for the induction of hydrocephalus in adult mice, the use of 150 mg/mL and 250 mg/mL concentrations are suitable for long and short-term studies respectively.
kaolin, hydrocephalus, pyramidal neurons, pyknotic index, sensorimotor cortex
Copyright (c) 2024 O. Femi-Akinlosotu , F. Olopade , B. Abe , M. Shokunbi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Viruses in the Development of Cancer
Cancer continues to be a leading cause of death globally. According to the World Health Organisation, it ranked second most common cause of death globally, claiming millions of lives with millions of new cases diagnosed yearly. Despite recent advances in cancer research and availability of several therapies, severe adverse effects, multi-drug resistance and cost of management are drawbacks of available therapies. Hence, the need for novel approaches that will mitigate the limitations of these conventional treatment options. Cancer has been linked to several factors and while the focus is usually on carcinogenic substances, viruses have been found to account for 15-20% of cancer cases. Oncolytic viruses are viruses that are used in cancer treatment. These viruses have the ability to selectively infect and replicate within tumor cells making them specific in their action against them. This promising approach is also effective when combined with other cancer treatment options such as chemotherapy and radiation.
Cancer, Oncogenic viruses, Oncolytic viruses
Copyright (c) 2024 B.B. Oluremi, E.S. Omobolade (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Perceived Benefits and Harms of Child Marriage among Hausa Communities in Southwestern Nigeria: Views through the Lens of the Theoretical Domains Framework
Child marriage is a pervasive global health challenge driven by predominant beliefs and sociocultural norms. This study explored perceived benefits and harms of child marriage among Hausa communities in Ibadan, Nigeria, using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Through qualitative interviews (5 Focus Group Discussions and 5 Key Informant Interviews) with 42 purposively selected key stakeholders (community leaders, religious leaders, women leaders, married girls <18, and adult men/women participants), we identified influences across ten TDF domains. Data was analysed using Atlas TI to inductively select codes and themes. Perceived benefits included early family completion, religious fulfilment, and prestige, while harms include health complications, mental health issues, and social stigma. The theoretical domains influencing these perceptions include beliefs about consequences, social influences, environmental context, and social/professional identity. Parents were identified as primary decision-makers, influenced by cultural and socioeconomic factors to act within these domains. To address child marriage among affected communities in Nigeria, targeted interventions across various levels of the theoretical domain framework are needed to shift perceptions and support for child marriage among key stakeholders. Interventions should target social, cultural, and parental decision-making influences to reduce child marriage prevalence
Sexual and Reproductive Health, Perception, Child Marriage, Theoretical Domains Framework
Copyright (c) 2025 O Omobowale , H. Olaniyan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn. induces Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Opening and Cytochrome C Release
The role of mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) pore in cell death is a known event and strategy in drug development for the management and therapy of tumors and cancers. Some medicinal plants exhibit anticancer activity by inducing mPT pore opening. Chenopodium ambrosioides is a medicinal plant used folklorically for inflammatory conditions and infections. Nevertheless, its effect on mPT pore is yet to be verified. Therefore, this study explored the influence of the methanol extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides and its fractions on mPT pore. Methanol extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides (MECA) was fractionated successively to procure chloroform (CFCA), ethylacetate (EFCA) and methanol (MFCA) fractions. Isolated mitochondria from male albino rat liver were exposed to varying concentrations of the extract and fractions. The mPT pore, cytochrome c release (CCR), mitochondrial ATPase (mATPase) and mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (mLPO) were determined using spectrophotometry. The MECA, CFCA, EFCA and MFCA effected mPT pore opening in the order; CFCA (18.8 folds), followed by MECA (9.0), EFCA (5.8) and MFCA (3.0). The CFCA enhanced mATPase activity, caused CCR and inhibited mLPO. The findings above suggest that CFCA is the most effective and likely accommodates phytochemicals that promote mitochondrial-dependent cell death. The fraction will therefore be subjected to further studies to explore the nature of the substance(s) responsible for this pharmacological potential.
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore, Chenopodium ambrosioides, cell death
Copyright (c) 2025 A. O. Olowofolahan , B. L. Omosola , I. O. Ige , F. B. Musa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Thyroid Function and Prolactin Levels of Pre-menopausal Women with Menstrual Irregularities: A Pilot Study
Thyroid hormones and prolactin are interdependently linked with menstrual disorders due to the indispensable roles they play in women’s reproductive health. The objective of the study was to evaluate thyroid function and prolactin levels of pre-menopausal women diagnosed with menstrual irregularities. A total of 90 premenopausal women aged 18-40 years were enrolled for the study: 45 of them were diagnosed with menstrual irregularities, and 45 were healthy. Participants were recruited from Obstetrics and Gynaecology and General Outpatient Departments, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika-Kaduna State, Nigeria between 6th June and 31st October 2024 in a cross-sectional pattern. Thyroid hormones (TSH, fT3, fT4), prolactin (PRL), and lipids [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)] were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzymatic methods, respectively. Anthropometric indices [body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC)] were measured using standard methods. There was no significant difference in the anthropometric indices between groups. Distribution of thyroid disorders among cases vs controls (overt hypothyroidism 17.78% vs 4.44%, subclinical hypothyroidism 17.78% vs 15.56%, overt hyperthyroidism 15.56% vs 22.22%, subclinical hyperthyroidism 22.22% vs 26.67%, Euthyroidism 26.67% vs 31.11%) Hyperprolactinemia was found in majority of cases compared to controls [n=29 (64.40%) vs n=13 (28.80%) p=0.001]. Significant positive correlation was observed between WC, BMI, and TG levels among cases. Women aged 18-40 years should be screened for metabolic risk factors such as HC, WC, BMI, TG and fT4, as indicators for subcutaneous fat-related menstrual irregularities.
Thyroid dysfunction, Prolactin, Menstrual irregularities, Pre-menopausal women, Zaria, Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2025 H. Bako , O. S. Anthony , Y. Ilyas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Manganese Chloride Modulated Bone Homeostasis and Haematological Parameters during Lithogenic Diet-Induced Cholesterol Gallstone in Female Swiss Mice
Body mass index and hormonal imbalances are hallmarks of obesity prevalent in the female population. Obesity is positively correlated with gallstones and osteoporosis due to decreased bone mineral density. Manganese is reported to ameliorate gallstone formation in diabetes; however, its effects on haematological variables and bone health during cholesterol gallstone formation remain limited, which this study design aimed to investigate. Ninety female Swiss mice (18-22g) were divided into two studies. In study one, naive female mice were grouped into: Control and MnCl2 (0.37, 0.74 and 2.0 mg/kg), while in study two, cholesterol gallstone was induced using a lithogenic diet and treated with MnCl2 doses (GS+MnCl2) as in study one, GS-alone and GS+Aspirin (350mg/kg). By weeks 4 and 8, Body and liver weights, Full blood count, plasma proteins, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Femoral Bone morphology, and marrow Myeloid to Erythroid ratio (M:E) were evaluated. In study one, higher manganese doses significantly reduced PCV and haemoglobin levels; however, WBC and lymphocyte count significantly decreased in MnCl2-treated groups compared with the control. Total serum protein, globulin, albumin, and ALP decreased significantly in the 0.37mg/kg MnCl2-treated group compared with the control group at weeks 4 and 8. Femur weight significantly increased at week 4, while M:E increased in all MnCl2-treated groups at weeks 4 and 8 compared with the control. During gallstone formation (study two), PCV, haemoglobin, and RBC count were significantly increased, while neutrophil and platelet count decreased in MnCl2-treated groups compared with the GS-alone group. Serum total protein and albumin significantly increase in GS+0.37mg/kg, while globulin increases in GS+2.0mg/kg. Liver ALP was reduced significantly in GS+0.37mg/kg and GS+0.74mg/kg compared with GS-alone. Femur weight significantly increased while M:E decreased in GS+2.0mg/kg MnCl2 at week 8 compared with GS-alone. Manganese attenuated osteoporosis associated with cholesterol gallstones by modulating bone homeostasis and hematopoiesis.
Gallstone, Bone homeostasis, Haematology, Manganese chloride
Copyright (c) 2025 J. C. Udechukwu , A. T. Salami (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ocimum gratissimum L. Leaf Enhances Relaxation Response to Acetylcholine without Inhibiting the Intrinsic Myogenic Tone in Wistar Rats’ Corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle
Ocimum gratissimum (OG) has been used as an aphrodisiac agent with no report on its effect in the modulation of corpus cavernosum relaxation process, hence this study. The effects of OG on acetylcholine responses were assessed in 12 Corpus Cavernosa Smooth Muscle (CCSM) obtained from 6 male Wistar rats. In an organ bath set-up, the CCSM were incubated in Krebs’ solution (control, n = 6) or Krebs’ solution containing OG (60 µg/mL, n = 6). The tissues were pre-contracted with potassium chloride (KCl, 60 mM), followed by graded doses of acetylcholine (10-9 to 10-5 M) and responses were recorded using an isometric force transducer and a data acquisition system connected to a computer. Mechanisms involved in the OG effects were then assessed by co-incubation with L-NAME, nifedipine, or Fasudil. Data were analysed using ANOVA at α0.05. Increased maximum relaxation response to acetylcholine was observed in OG-incubated CCSM (64.4±2.6%) compared with the control (47.6±3.4%). Co-incubation of OG with L-NAME (52.3±3.2%), nifedipine (56.8±2.9%) or Fasudil (52.3±1.6%) significantly reduced the relaxant effect of OG. It was therefore concluded that Ocimum gratissimum leaf enhanced the relaxation response of corpus cavernosum to acetylcholine via modulation of calcium ion sensitivity. The intrinsic myogenic tone of the tissues was not inhibited by the relaxant-promoting activity of Ocimum gratissimum leaf.
Ocimum gratissimum, corpus cavernosum, relaxation, Acetylcholine
Copyright (c) 2025 S. A Shittu , Y Raji (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Protective Role of Quercetin Against Aluminium Phosphide-Induced Gastric Toxicity in Wistar Rats
Oral exposure to aluminium phosphide (ALP), an extensively used pesticide, has been reported to cause multiorgan and systemic toxicity, including significant gastrointestinal damage. Quercetin (QUE) is widely recognized for its ability to protect the gastrointestinal tract against various insults and toxicities. However, its likely protective effects against ALP-induced gastric toxicity is largely undocumented. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the protective role of quercetin against aluminium phosphide induced-gastric toxicity in Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups: Groups I and II served as control and vehicle control, while Groups III-VII received for 28 days, ALP (2mg/kg) alone, QUE (25mg/kg) alone, QUE cotreatment+ALP, QUE pretreated+ALP and ALP+QUE posttreatment, respectively. Blood and gastric juice samples were collected under anaesthesia for haematological and biochemical analyses. The stomach tissues were excised and analysed for gastric mucin content, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH) and histology Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Newman-Keuls’ post-hoc test (p<0.05). Quercetin significantly mitigated ALP-induced gastric toxicity (p<0.05) with co-treatment and pretreatment groups showing enhanced SOD and GSH levels, reduced MDA and NO, increased mucous and parietal cell counts and preserved mucosal integrity, compared with the ALP-only group (Group III, p<0.05). Post-treatment (Group VII) provided moderate recovery but was less effective in reversing ALP-induced gastric damage. Except for WBC count, haematological parameters (PCV, haemoglobin, and RBC count) showed no significant changes across groups (p>0.05). Quercetin treatment mitigated ALP-induced gastric toxicity, with co-treatment and pre-treatment showing superior protective effects.
Aluminium Phosphide, Quercetin, Oxidative Stress, Gastric Toxicity, Antioxidants
Copyright (c) 2025 D. T. Babalola , I. E. Emediong, B. O. Adele, A. O. Ige, E. O. Adewoye (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mushroom-Mediated Synthesis of Ag, Fe, and Ag-Fe Nanoparticles of Pleorotus ostreatus: Surface Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity
Conventional methods for nanoparticle synthesis are often associated with environmental pollution, underscoring the need for safer, more eco-friendly alternatives. Plants and fungi-mediated synthesis offer a green chemistry approach by harnessing natural biological systems for nanomaterial production. In this study, Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom) extract was employed as a reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of Ag (silver), Fe (Iron), and Ag-Fe (silver-iron) bimetallic nanoparticles. The synthesis was optimised by varying reaction parameters, and the nanoparticles were characterised using UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which confirmed particle sizes ranging from 2-46.7 mm with spherical, triangular and rod-shaped morphologies and crystalline structures. The antimicrobial activities of the nanoparticles were assessed against bacterial and fungal strains, revealing dose-dependent inhibitory effects across all tested microorganisms. These findings demonstrate that Pleurotus ostreatus-mediated synthesis provides a sustainable route for producing mono and bimetallic nanoparticles with promising antimicrobial potential.
Metallic nanoparticles, Pleurotus ostreatus, biosynthesis, antimicrobial activity, operational variables
Copyright (c) 2025 D. A. Fadare , L. A. Yussuf , M. S. Oladokun , B. O. Ogunsile (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biosynthesis of Moringa oleifera Silver Nanoparticles and Bio-efficacy against Anopheles gambiae
Mosquito control is pivotal in managing malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases worldwide. However, reliance on synthetic larvicides is increasingly constrained by environmental toxicity and insecticide resistance, necessitating the exploration of eco-friendly alternatives. This study investigates the biosynthesis of Moringa oleifera-synthesised silver nanoparticles (MOS-AgNPs) using aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera seeds (AEMOS), characterizes their physicochemical properties, and evaluates their bio-efficacy against immature stages of Anopheles gambiae. MOS-AgNPs were synthesized by reacting freshly prepared AEMOS with 1mM silver nitrate (AgNO₃) solution. The formation of MOS-AgNPs was initially confirmed through a color change from light golden yellow to colloidal yellowish-brown. Characterization techniques, including ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to establish physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles formed. For the bioassays, the larvicidal activity of MOS-AgNPs and AEMOS was assessed against immature A. gambiae at various concentrations of solutions of AEMOS (50, 100, 150, 200, 250ppm) and MOS-AgNPs (5, 10, 15, 20, 25ppm) in five replicates with distilled water as a control. The setup was observed for moribund and dead larvae and pupae until 96 hours post-exposure. Data were subjected to descriptive and inferential analyses. Data from the characterization of the nanoproduct revealed that the nanoparticles exhibited a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 384.30 nm, spherical morphology, and an average size of 25 ± 2 nm. FTIR analysis confirmed functionalization with biomolecules from M. oleifera seeds. Dose-dependent toxic effects were observed from the bioassays, achieving ≥60% mortality within 24 hours of exposure. MOS-AgNPs exhibited superior efficacy, with LC₅₀ values ranging from 9.27 ppm in larval stage 1 (L1) to 12.42 ppm in the pupal stages as compared to AEMOS, which ranged from 203.99 ppm (L1) to 106.43 ppm (pupae). Overall, the stages of development of the mosquitoes had significant correlation (p˂0.05) with the % mortality recorded within the exposure time across treatment concentrations used. The findings demonstrate that M. oleifera -synthesised silver nanoparticles are highly effective larvicidal agents against A. gambiae, underscoring their potential for integration into green mosquito vector control strategies. This study highlights the promise of plant-based nanotechnology as a sustainable and potent alternative to conventional larvicides in combating mosquito-borne diseases
Moringa oleifera, green synthesis, Anopheles gambiae, mosquito vector control, nanoparticles, plant-based larvicides
Copyright (c) 2025 C. M. D Ohia , R. E. E. Ana Godson, I. A. Oladosu, A. O. Odeseye , K. O Popoola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Clearance of Plasmodium berghei in Mice Treated with Artesunate-Amodiaquine-Iron and Artesunate-Amodiaquine Combinations
Malaria remains a significant health burden in malaria-endemic regions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) effectively clear malaria parasites and prevent anemia. Iron supplementation supports red blood cell production, but its impact on early malaria parasite dynamics when combined with ACTs remains underexplored. This study investigated the effect of iron supplementation on early parasite clearance in a murine model. Fourteen male Swiss mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei and randomized into two groups. One group received artesunate-amodiaquine (AS-AQ) and iron supplementation, while the other received AS-AQ only. Parasite densities were monitored six-hourly for 72 hours using Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Packed cell volume (PCV) and weight were evaluated at baseline and every 24 hours. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22 and GraphPad Prism version 5. Parasite clearance was more rapid in the AS-AQ-Fe group, with a half-life of 12.3 hours compared to 40.8 hours in the AS-AQ group (P < 0.001). The AS-AQ group exhibited an early rise in parasitemia (parasite density), which was absent in the AS-AQ-Fe group. PCV increased significantly in the AS-AQ-Fe group (63.6 ± 2.6%) compared to the AS-AQ group (24.0 ± 4.9%; P < 0.001). Weight gain was also significantly higher in the AS-AQ-Fe group (P = 0.013). Iron supplementation with ACT significantly enhanced parasite clearance and improved hematological and weight parameters in P. berghei infected mice. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms to support this observation.
Malaria, Iron supplementation, Malaria parasite clearance, Artemisinin-based combination therapy, Murine model of malaria, Artesunate-Amodiaquine
Copyright (c) 2025 C. Ebisike, I. Idachaba, T. Akinmuleya , M. Adebayo , H. Onyiagha, J. Badejo, O. Michael (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multiple Skull Anomalies in a Nigerian Adult Male: Case Report
The skull, the most complicated bony structure in the body, is made up of twenty-two bony pieces that are approximated at the sutures. Establishment of accessory ossification centers in the sutures result in the formation of Inca and Wormian bones. This is a case report detailing the occurrence of an unusual bone (inca bone) in posterior skull with asymmetry in size and shape of the oval and carotid foramina at the base of the skull. Following bone maceration of dissected cadavers in the Department of Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, we observed multiple anomalies in an adult male Nigerian skull. The skull presented with an Inca bone, complete ostosis of sagittal & lambdoidal sutures, right infraorbital fissure, left infraorbital foramen with adjoining canal, bilateral supraorbital notches, large non-symmetrical right foramen ovale and carotid foramen, thickened left superior temporal line and straightening of the mid 1/3rd of the coronal suture.Awareness of the existence of Inca bones, complete ostosis of sagittal and lambdoidal sutures and thickened superior temporal lines by radiologists is important in order to avoid misdiagnosing them for fractures. The occurrence of inca bones, completely fused sutures and thickened cranial bone markings pose problems to surgical access to the cranial cavity during neurosurgical procedures. However, they can be useful tools in anthropometric and forensic identification of human beings
Skull, Anomalies, Ostosis, Inca, Wormian, Bone
Copyright (c) 2025 O.S. Oyedun, O. Owoeye (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
β-Caryophyllene Improves Sperm Quality and Protects Testicular Histology in Rats Exposed to 1,2-Dimethyl Hydrazine Via Reduction of Oxidative Stress
Male infertility is a growing problem worldwide. There are many risk factors, including cancers and cancer-causing agents. The 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH) is a cancer-causing agent that harms the reproductive system. This study examines the impact of β-caryophyllene (BCP), a molecule possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics in counteracting DMH-induced sperm quality alteration and testicular oxidative injury in a rat model. Thirty (30) Sprague Dawley rats were allocated into six (6) equal groups. They were administered distilled water, 20 mg/kg DMH, 5 mg/kg BCP, 10 mg/kg BCP, 5 mg/kg BCP + DMH, and 10 mg/kg BCP + DMH. The BCP was administered orally, while DMH was injected intraperitoneally throughout the 20 weeks of treatment. After treatment, sperm motility, viability, count, and total aberration were evaluated in test and control rats. The absolute and relative testis weights as well as testicular malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined. Histopathological evaluation of the testis was also carried out. Administration of DMH led to alteration of sperm quality parameters and oxidative stress as evidenced by elevation of MDA coupled with decline SOD activity and GSH level. Testicular germ cell depletion and atrophy was also seen in the DMH group. However, BCP restored the sperm quality parameters as well as MDA, SOD and GSH towards control values. Additionally, the testicular lesions were prevented by BCP. The data suggests that BCP mitigated DMH-induced sperm quality alteration and protected against testicular damage by suppressing oxidative stress.
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine, β-caryophyllene, testis, sperm quality parameters, oxidative stress, antioxidant
Copyright (c) 2025 K.A. Akinwumi , O.O. Eleyowo , O.O. Adegbola , E.D. Adebayo, J.C. Nwabuenu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copper Toxicity and Antioxidant Effect of Chlorogenic Acid in Drosophila melanogaster
Copper is a vital trace element in biological systems. However, toxic levels can precipitate neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease which occurs with advancement in age. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a phytonutrient widely distributed in the diet. This study serves as a preliminary investigation to studying the preventive or ameliorative role of CGA in the light of Alzheimer’s disease with copper toxicity being the model in Drosophila melanogaster. melanogaster (Oregon strain) were allotted into four (4) groups of five vials with 50 flies each and exposed to copper sulphate 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mM, respectively) for 7 days for survival assay, biochemical indices (H2O2, non-protein thiols, total thiol and nitric oxide (NO), and behavioural activities (negative geotaxis and eclosion rate). For the study with CGA, the flies were allotted to six (6) groups of five vials with 50 flies each and treated as follows: 0- control (distilled water), 2% ethanol (vehicle), 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg/kg diet of CGA, respectively for 28 days for the longevity assay. Biochemical (H2O2, non-protein thiols, total thiol and nitric oxide (NO) and behavioural (negative geotaxis and eclosion rate) assays were performed in flies treated with CGA for 7 days using similar groups comprising of 2% ethanol (control), and CGA at 15, 30, and 45 mg/kg diet. Copper reduced the survival of the flies, especially at 1mM, and the non-protein thiol and total thiol levels were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced while negative geotaxis and eclosion rate were unaffected. At 15, 30, and 45 mg/kg diet of CGA, the longevity of the flies was improved. The concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide were significantly (p < 0.05) douced in a dose-dependent manner, and levels of total thiol and non-protein thiols increased in a dose-dependent fashion with it being significant at 45 mg/kg diet of CGA. CGA did not affect the negative geotaxis and the eclosion rate of the flies. Copper demonstrated toxicity at the concentrations tested, and chlorogenic acid gives the presentation that it is a potential antioxidant agent.
Chlorogenic acid, copper, survival, non-protein thiols, total thiol, nitric oxide
Copyright (c) 2025 O.A. Adeyemo-Salami , S.O. Akano (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In vitro Antioxidant, Total Phenolic Content and Cytotoxicity study of Selected Herbal Medicinal Products in Ilorin Metropolis
There are no doubts herbal medicines are endowed with bioactive constituents considered to have many therapeutic effects. The usage of herbal medicines increased sporadically as a result of the belief that herbal medicines have a higher safety margin than conventional medicines. In other to improve acceptance of herbal remedies in the treatment of diseases, the study aimed to assess the antioxidant capability, total phenolic content and cytotoxicity of five (5) herbal medicinal products that were sourced from the city of Ilorin. The products were labelled A, B, C, D and E in this study. The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenolic content, Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA) was used to determine the toxicity of the medicinal products, and the 1, 1-diphenyl, 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay was applied to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the selected herbal medicinal products. Products C, D and E had higher DPPH radical scavenging activities (IC50 = 54.51± 0.22, 42.30± 0.11 and 39.17± 0.24 μg/mL respectively), which was lower in products A and B (129.53± 0.21 and 180.06± 0.34 μg/mL) compared with Ascorbic acid (7.32± 0.12 μg/mL). Total phenolic content was high in products D and E (315.86±0.22 and 205.13±0.31 mg GAE/g extract. Brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) revealed products A, C, D, E were found to be non-toxic to Artemia salina larvae, with LC50 > 1000 μg/mL, except extract of product B which was perceived to be moderately toxic with LC50 = 418.80 ± 0.24 μg/mL. The selected herbal medicinal products possessed reasonable safety, antioxidant capacity and phenolic content.
Radical scavenging, Toxicity, Herbal medicinal products, Ilorin metropolis
Copyright (c) 2025 L.O. Sidiq , A.O. Nkumah , M.T. Quadri, O.O. Ogbole (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biofilm inhibitory activity of selected medicinal plants against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ATCC 35401 strain
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), a pathotype of E. coli, accounts for a significant episode of diarrhea among under five years children. In infectious diarrhea, biofilms contribute to treatment failures. Using crystal violet-based biofilm inhibition assay, we investigated chloroform and acetone extracts of nine selected medicinal plants for biofilm inhibitory activity against ETEC. Extracts that inhibit biofilm without affecting planktonic bacterial growth were further profiled by phytochemical screening and infrared spectroscopic analysis. Of the eighteen extracts investigated, only two chloroform extracts, namely; Psidium guajava and Nauclea latifolia, gave reproducible biofilm inhibitory activity of 44% and 30%, respectively, against ETEC while inhibiting growth by less than 10%. The two extracts, found to be rich in phytochemicals, showed relatively good antibiofilm activity against ETEC. Psidium guajava and Nauclea latifolia could be sources of lead compounds for development of drugs to control infectious diarrhea caused by ETEC with less selection pressure on the pathogen.
Biofilm inhibition, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Psidium guajava, Nauclea latifolia
Copyright (c) 2025 S.A. Aderibigbe, O.R. Ogungbure (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modulatory Role of Resveratrol on Body Weight and Some Liver Enzymes in a Diabetic Nephropathy Rat Model
Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most feared complications of diabetes. An important aspect in the management of diabetic nephropathy is the maintenance of optimal weight, which is difficult with conventional anti-diabetic drugs. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound, has been used to prevent/treat several chronic diseases including type-2 diabetes due to its strong antioxidant and other properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of resveratrol on weight gain and some liver enzymes in hyperglycemia-induced diabetic nephropathy in male Wistar rats. Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 5 rats each: normal control, normoglycemic, diabetic untreated, diabetic treated with resveratrol and diabetic treated with lisinopril. Diabetes was induced by feeding the rats high-fat diet and 20% fructose solution as drinking water for 6 weeks followed by a single intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection (35 mg/kg). The resveratrol and lisinopril treatment lasted for 5 weeks after which the rats were humanely sacrificed. The mean body weight of the group treated with resveratrol was increased from the 8th week (180.25 ± 7.73g), when compared to the diabetic control (164.50 ± 2.02g) but markedly decreased compared to the normal control (225.25 ± 11.24g) and these findings were consistent up to the 12th week. There was a significant reduction in alanine transferase level in the group treated with resveratrol compared to the diabetic control group (24.00 ± 0.58 and 38.25± 3.07 IU/L respectively). In conclusion, Resveratrol played a modulatory role on body weight and ameliorated derangement in alanine transferase levels in diabetic nephropathy in Wistar rats.
diabetes nephropathy, liver enzymes, weight gain, resveratrol, lisinopril, Wistar rats
Copyright (c) 2025 A Jimoh, S.K. Isa, T. Danboyi , Z. Muhammad , R.T. Ajibade, A. Abubakar, O.M. Avidime (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spondias mombin fruit juice attenuated anxio-depressive-like behaviours, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in repeated social defeat stressed mice
Psychosocial stressors such as global insecurity, violence, and joblessness increase the risk of anxiety and depression. Diets rich in fruits with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds may protect the brain against psychosocial stress. In this study, the ameliorative potential of Spondias Mombin Fruit Juice (SMFJ) on repeated social defeat stress (RSD)-induced anxio-depressive-like behaviours and biochemical perturbations in mice was evaluated. Male Swiss mice weighing (20-24g) were divided into five groups (n=6). Group 1 (Control), Group 2 (SMFJ 100%), Group 3 (RSD only), Group 4 (SMFJ 50%+RSD), and Group 5 (SMFJ 100%+RSD). Distilled water or SMFJ was administered orally for 28 days. Beginning from day 8, mice in groups 3-5 were exposed to RSD for 5 min each of physical and psychosocial aggressive confrontations in a resident-intruder paradigm. Anxiodepressive-like behaviours were assessed 24 h after last RSD exposure. Corticosterone, oxidative stress markers, acetylcholinesterase, TNF-α and IL-6 levels were determined in serum or brain tissues. The SMFJ (50% and 100%) significantly reduced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors post-RSD (P < 0.05), with a corresponding decrease in serum corticosterone levels. Oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, nitrite) were reduced, while antioxidant (reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) levels improved. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels significantly decreased (P < 0.05), indicating anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Together, these findings suggest that Spondias mombin fruit juice ameliorates and prevents stress-induced behavioural and biochemical disruptions, likely via its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.
Spondias mombin, Stress, Neuroinflammation, Antidepressants
Copyright (c) 2025 A.M Ajayi, C.V. Onyemenam, K.A. John , P.A. Adeleke, M.O. Aghariagbonse, A.O. Alabi, S. Umukoro (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pharmacogenetics and Precision Medicine in ResourceConstrained Settings: Challenges and Prospects
The deployment of emerging technologies and cutting-edge research has been a challenge in resource-constrained environments such as Africa due to several interlinked factors. The field of genomics has redefined biomedical advances since the completion of the first human genome project, showing the huge roles that inter-individual variations play in disease processes and their implication in clinical pharmacology. Until 2019, only about 2% of Genome Wide Association Studies represented Africa. With an estimated population close to one-fifth of the world as generated by the United Nations World Population Prospects in 2022, the underrepresentation of African ancestry in genomic research is concerning. Hence, it is paramount to put a spotlight on pharmacogenetics and precision medicine in Africa, given the genomic diversity that has been discovered so far, and the clinical advantages of tailored pharmacotherapy, even in the presence of traditional medical approaches. In this review, we highlighted the prospect of expanding precision medicine in Africa and the unique challenges that can lead to constrains in a resource-limited environment.
Pharmacogenetics, precision medicine, resource-constrained environment, sub-Saharan Africa.
Copyright (c) 2025 Badejo J. A, Michael O. S, Adeoye M. O, Ilori T, Anetor J. I (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0